向量组的线性相关性
向量组及其线性组合向量组的线性相关性向量组的秩向量空间线性方程组解的结构向量组及其线性组合nn个有次序的数a1,a2,...,ana_1,a_2,...,a_n所组成的一个有序数组(a1,a2,...,an)(a_1,a_2,...,a_n)称为一nn维向量,这nn个数称为该向量的nn个分量,其中aia_i称为第ii个分量.ai(i=1,2,...,n)a_i(i=1
·
向量组及其线性组合
- n n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-1">n</script>个有次序的数 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-2">a_1,a_2,...,a_n</script>所组成的一个有序数组 (a1,a2,...,an) ( a 1 , a 2 , . . . , a n ) <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-3">(a_1,a_2,...,a_n)</script>称为一 n n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-4">n</script>维向量,这 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-5">n</script>个数称为该向量的 n n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-6">n</script>个分量,其中 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-7">a_i</script>称为第 i i <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-8">i</script>个分量. <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-9">a_i(i=1,2,...,n)</script>都为实数的向量称为实向量,分量为复数的向量称为复向量.n维向量可写成一行或一列,分别称为行向量或列向量,即行矩阵或列矩阵.列向量一般用小写黑体字母 α,β,γ α , β , γ <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-10">\alpha,\beta,\gamma</script>等表示,行向量则用 αT,βT,γT α T , β T , γ T <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-11">\alpha^T,\beta^T,\gamma^T</script>等表示.若干个同维数的列向量(行向量)组成的集合称为向量组.
-
- 设向量 A:α1,α2,...,αm A : α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-12">A:\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_m</script>,对于任意实数 k1,k2,...,km k 1 , k 2 , . . . , k m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-13">k_1,k_2,...,k_m</script>,表达式 k1α1,k2α2,...,kmαm k 1 α 1 , k 2 α 2 , . . . , k m α m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-14">k_1\alpha_1,k_2\alpha_2,...,k_m\alpha_m</script>称为向量组 A A <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-15">A</script>的一个线性组合. <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-16">k_1,k_2,...,k_m</script>称为这个线性组合的系数
- 设向量组 A:α1,α2,...,αm A : α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-17">A:\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_m</script>和向量 β β <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-18">\beta</script>,若存在一组数 λ1,λ2,...,λm λ 1 , λ 2 , . . . , λ m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-19">\lambda_1,\lambda_2,...,\lambda_m</script>,使得 β=λ1α1,λ2α2,...λmαm β = λ 1 α 1 , λ 2 α 2 , . . . λ m α m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-20">\beta=\lambda_1\alpha_1,\lambda_2\alpha_2,...\lambda_m\alpha_m</script>,则称向量 β β <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-21">\beta</script>可由向量组 A A <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-22">A</script>线性表示
(向量 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-23">\beta</script>能由向量组 A A <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-24">A</script>线性表示,也就是线性方程组 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-25">x_1\alpha_1+x_2\alpha_2+...+x_m\alpha_m=\beta</script>有解) -
- 向量 β β <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-26">\beta</script>能由向量组 α1,α2,...,αm α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-27">\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_m</script>线性表示的充分必要条件是矩阵 A=(α1,α2,...,αm) A = ( α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α m ) <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-28">A=(\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_m)</script>的秩等于矩阵 B=(α1,α2,...,αm,β) B = ( α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α m , β ) <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-29">B=(\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_m,\beta)</script>的秩.
- 设向量组 A:α1,α2,...,αs A : α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α s <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-30">A:\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_s</script>及向量组 B:β1,β2,...,βt B : β 1 , β 2 , . . . , β t <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-31">B:\beta_1,\beta_2,...,\beta_t</script>,若向量组 B B <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-32">B</script>中的每个向量都能由向量组 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-33">A</script>线性表示,则称向量组B能由向量组A线性表示.若向量组 A,B A , B <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-34">A,B</script>可互相线性表示,则称这两个向量组等价
- 向量组的等价性具有下列性质:
- 反身性:任一向量组 A:α1,α2,...,αm A : α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-35">A:\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_m</script>与其自身等价;
- 对称性:如果向量组 A:α1,α2,...,αs A : α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α s <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-36">A:\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_s</script>与向量组 B:β1,β2,...,βt B : β 1 , β 2 , . . . , β t <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-37">B:\beta_1,\beta_2,...,\beta_t</script>等价,则向量组 B B <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-38">B</script>与向量组 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-39">A</script>等价;
- 传递性:如果向量组 A:α1,α2,...,αs A : α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α s <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-40">A:\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_s</script>与向量组 B:β1,β2,...,βt B : β 1 , β 2 , . . . , β t <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-41">B:\beta_1,\beta_2,...,\beta_t</script>等价,且向量组 B:β1,β2,...,βt B : β 1 , β 2 , . . . , β t <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-42">B:\beta_1,\beta_2,...,\beta_t</script>与向量组 C:γ1,γ2,...,γm C : γ 1 , γ 2 , . . . , γ m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-43">C:\gamma_1,\gamma_2,...,\gamma_m</script>等价,则向量组 A A <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-44">A</script>与向量组 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-45">C</script>等价.
- 向量组 B:β1,β2,...,βt B : β 1 , β 2 , . . . , β t <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-46">B:\beta_1,\beta_2,...,\beta_t</script>能由向量组 A:α1,α2...,αs A : α 1 , α 2 . . . , α s <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-47">A:\alpha_1,\alpha_2...,\alpha_s</script>线性表示的充分必要条件是矩阵 A=(α1,α2...,αs) A = ( α 1 , α 2 . . . , α s ) <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-48">A=(\alpha_1,\alpha_2...,\alpha_s)</script>的秩等于矩阵 (A,B)=(α1,α2...,αs,β1,β2,...,βt) ( A , B ) = ( α 1 , α 2 . . . , α s , β 1 , β 2 , . . . , β t ) <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-49">(A,B)=(\alpha_1,\alpha_2...,\alpha_s,\beta_1,\beta_2,...,\beta_t)</script>的秩,即 R(A)=R(A,B) R ( A ) = R ( A , B ) <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-50">R(A)=R(A,B)</script>
- 向量组 A:(α1,α2...,αs) A : ( α 1 , α 2 . . . , α s ) <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-51">A:(\alpha_1,\alpha_2...,\alpha_s)</script>与向量组 B:β1,β2,...,βt B : β 1 , β 2 , . . . , β t <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-52">B:\beta_1,\beta_2,...,\beta_t</script>等价的充分必要条件是 R(A)=R(B)=R(A,B) R ( A ) = R ( B ) = R ( A , B ) <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-53">R(A)=R(B)=R(A,B)</script>,其中 (A,B) ( A , B ) <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-54">(A,B)</script>是由向量组 A A <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-55">A</script>和 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-56">B</script>所构成的矩阵
- 设向量组 B:β1,β2,...,βt B : β 1 , β 2 , . . . , β t <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-57">B:\beta_1,\beta_2,...,\beta_t</script>能由向量组 A:α1,α2...,αs A : α 1 , α 2 . . . , α s <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-58">A:\alpha_1,\alpha_2...,\alpha_s</script>线性表示,则 R(B)≤R(A) R ( B ) ≤ R ( A ) <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-59">R(B)\le R(A)</script>
- 向量组 B:β1,β2,...,βt B : β 1 , β 2 , . . . , β t <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-60">B:\beta_1,\beta_2,...,\beta_t</script>能由向量组 A:α1,α2...,αs A : α 1 , α 2 . . . , α s <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-61">A:\alpha_1,\alpha_2...,\alpha_s</script>线性表示:
⟺存在矩阵K,使B=AK ⟺ 存 在 矩 阵 K , 使 B = A K<script type="math/tex; mode=display" id="MathJax-Element-62">\Longleftrightarrow 存在矩阵K,使B=AK</script>⟺矩阵方程AX=B有解 ⟺ 矩 阵 方 程 A X = B 有 解<script type="math/tex; mode=display" id="MathJax-Element-63">\Longleftrightarrow 矩阵方程AX=B有解</script>
- 设 n n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-64">n</script>维列向量组 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-65">A:\alpha_1,\alpha_2...,\alpha_m</script>构成 n×m n × m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-66">n\times m</script>矩阵 A=(α1,α2...,αm) A = ( α 1 , α 2 . . . , α m ) <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-67">A=(\alpha_1,\alpha_2...,\alpha_m)</script>, n n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-68">n</script>阶单位阵 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-69">E=(e_1,e_2,...,e_n)</script>的列向量称为 n n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-70">n</script>维基本单位向量. <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-71">n</script>维基本单位向量组 e1,e2,...,en e 1 , e 2 , . . . , e n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-72">e_1,e_2,...,e_n</script>能由向量组 A A <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-73">A</script>线性表示的充分必要条件是 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-74">R(A)=n.</script>
向量组的线性相关性
- 设向量组 A:α1,α2...,αm A : α 1 , α 2 . . . , α m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-75">A:\alpha_1,\alpha_2...,\alpha_m</script>,如果存在不全为零的数 k1,k2,...km k 1 , k 2 , . . . k m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-76">k_1,k_2,...k_m</script>,使得
k1α1+k2α2+...+kmαm=0 k 1 α 1 + k 2 α 2 + . . . + k m α m = 0<script type="math/tex; mode=display" id="MathJax-Element-77">k_1\alpha_1+k_2\alpha_2+...+k_m\alpha_m=0</script>成立,则称向量组 A A <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-78">A</script>线性相关,否则称向量组 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-79">A</script>线性无关.
特别地, m=1 m = 1 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-80">m=1</script>时, α(≠0) α ( ≠ 0 ) <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-81">\alpha(\not= 0)</script>是线性相关的.对于含两个向量 α1,α2 α 1 , α 2 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-82">\alpha_1,\alpha_2</script>的向量组线性相关的充分必要条件是 α1,α2 α 1 , α 2 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-83">\alpha_1,\alpha_2</script>的分量对应成比例,其几何意义是两向量共线.三个向量线性相关的几何意义是三个向量共面
向量组 α1,α2...,αm(m≥2) α 1 , α 2 . . . , α m ( m ≥ 2 ) <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-84">\alpha_1,\alpha_2...,\alpha_m(m\ge 2)</script>线性相关,也就是在向量组中至少有一个向量可由其余 m−1 m − 1 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-85">m-1</script>个向量线性表示 - 向量组 α1,α2,...,αm α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-86">\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_m</script>线性相关的充分必要条件是它所构成的矩阵 A=(α1,α2,...,αm) A = ( α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α m ) <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-87">A=(\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_m)</script>的秩小于向量个数 m m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-88">m</script>;向量组 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-89">\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_m</script>线性无关的充分必要条件是它所构成的矩阵 A=(α1,α2,...,αm) A = ( α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α m ) <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-90">A=(\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_m)</script>的秩等于向量个数 m m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-91">m</script>.
- 若向量组 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-92">\alpha_1,\alpha_2...,\alpha_m</script>线性相关,则向量组 α1,α2...,αm,αm+1 α 1 , α 2 . . . , α m , α m + 1 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-93">\alpha_1,\alpha_2...,\alpha_m,\alpha_{m+1}</script>也线性相关;反之,若 α1,α2...,αm+1 α 1 , α 2 . . . , α m + 1 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-94">\alpha_1,\alpha_2...,\alpha_{m+1}</script>线性无关,则向量组 α1,α2...,αm α 1 , α 2 . . . , α m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-95">\alpha_1,\alpha_2...,\alpha_m</script>也线性无关
- m m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-96">m</script>个 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-97">n</script>维向量组成的向量组,当维数 n n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-98">n</script>小于向量个数 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-99">m</script>时一定线性相关.特别地, n+1 n + 1 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-100">n+1</script>个 n n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-101">n</script>维向量一定线性相关
- 设向量组 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-102">A:\alpha_1,\alpha_2...,\alpha_m</script>线性相关,而向量组 B:α1,α2...,αm,β B : α 1 , α 2 . . . , α m , β <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-103">B:\alpha_1,\alpha_2...,\alpha_m,\beta</script>线性相关,则向量 β β <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-104">\beta</script>能由向量组 A A <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-105">A</script>线性表示,且表达式是唯一的
- 设向量组 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-106">B:\beta_1,\beta_2,...,\beta_t</script>可由向量组 A:α1,α2...,αs A : α 1 , α 2 . . . , α s <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-107">A:\alpha_1,\alpha_2...,\alpha_s</script>线性表示,且 s<t s < t <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-108">s
- 设向量组 B:β1,β2,...,βt B : β 1 , β 2 , . . . , β t <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-110">B:\beta_1,\beta_2,...,\beta_t</script>可由向量组 A:α1,α2...,αs A : α 1 , α 2 . . . , α s <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-111">A:\alpha_1,\alpha_2...,\alpha_s</script>线性表示,若向量组 B:β1,β2,...,βt B : β 1 , β 2 , . . . , β t <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-112">B:\beta_1,\beta_2,...,\beta_t</script>线性无关,则 s≥t s ≥ t <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-113">s\ge t</script>.
- 设向量组 A:α1,α2...,αs A : α 1 , α 2 . . . , α s <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-114">A:\alpha_1,\alpha_2...,\alpha_s</script>与 B:β1,β2,...,βt B : β 1 , β 2 , . . . , β t <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-115">B:\beta_1,\beta_2,...,\beta_t</script>等价,若向量组 A A <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-116">A</script>和 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-117">B</script>都是线性无关,则 s=t s = t <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-118">s=t</script>
向量组的秩
- 设向量组 A0:α1,α2,...,αr A 0 : α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α r <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-119">A_0:\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_r</script>是向量组 A A <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-120">A</script>的一个部分向量组,如果满足:
- 向量组 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-121">A_0:\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_r</script>线性无关;
- 向量组 A A <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-122">A</script>中任意 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-123">r+1</script>个向量(如果存在的话)都线性相关,则称向量组 A0 A 0 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-124">A_0</script>是向量组 A A <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-125">A</script>的一个极大线性无关向量组(简称极大无关组).极大无关组所含向量个数 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-126">r</script>称为向量组 A A <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-127">A</script>的秩,记作 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-128">R_A</script>或 R(A) R ( A ) <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-129">R(A)</script>
- 由于一个非零向量本身线性无关,故包含非零向量的向量组一定存在极大无关组;而仅含零向量的向量组不存在极大无关组,规定它的秩为0.特别地,如果一个向量组线性无关,则其极大无关组就是该向量组本身.
- 向量组 A:α1,α2,...,αm A : α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-130">A:\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_m</script>线性无关的充分必要条件是向量组 A:α1,α2,...,αm A : α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-131">A:\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_m</script>的秩等于 m m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-132">m</script>;
- 向量组 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-133">A:\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_m</script>线性相关的充分必要条件是向量组 A:α1,α2,...,αm A : α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-134">A:\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_m</script>的秩小于 m m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-135">m</script>.
- 设矩阵 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-136">A</script>的秩为 r r <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-137">r</script>,即 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-138">R(A)=r</script>.由矩阵的秩的定义,在矩阵 A A <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-139">A</script>中至少存在一 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-140">r</script>阶子式不等于零,而且所有的 r+1 r + 1 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-141">r+1</script>阶子式(如果存在)全为零.矩阵 A A <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-142">A</script>中包含这个 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-143">r</script>阶非零子式的列(行)向量组线性无关,且任意 r+1 r + 1 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-144">r+1</script>个列(行)向量所构成的向量组线性相关.因此,矩阵 A A <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-145">A</script>中包含这个 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-146">r</script>阶非零子式的列(行)向量组就是矩阵 A A <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-147">A</script>的列(行)向量组的一个极大无关组.
- 矩阵的秩等于它的列向量组的秩,也等于它的行向量组的秩
- 极大无关组的等价定义:设向量组
<script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-148">A_0:\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_r</script>是向量组 A A <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-149">A</script>的一个部分向量组,且满足:
- 向量组 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-150">A_0</script>线性无关;
- 向量组 A A <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-151">A</script>中任一向量都能由向量组
<script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-152">A_0</script>线性表示.
则向量组 A0 A 0 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-153">A_0</script>是向量组 A A <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-154">A</script>的一个极大无关组
- 若向量组 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-155">B:\beta_1,\beta_2,...,\beta_t</script>可由向量组 A:α1,α2,...,αs A : α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α s <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-156">A:\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_s</script>线性表示的充分条件是 R(α1,α2,...,αs)=R(α1,α2,...,αs,β1,β2,...,βt) R ( α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α s ) = R ( α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α s , β 1 , β 2 , . . . , β t ) <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-157">R(\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_s)=R(\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_s,\beta_1,\beta_2,...,\beta_t)</script>
- 若向量组 B:β1,β2,...,βt B : β 1 , β 2 , . . . , β t <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-158">B:\beta_1,\beta_2,...,\beta_t</script>能由向量组 A:α1,α2,...,αs A : α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α s <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-159">A:\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_s</script>线性表示,则 R(β1,β2,...,βt)≤R(α1,α2,...,αs) R ( β 1 , β 2 , . . . , β t ) ≤ R ( α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α s ) <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-160">R(\beta_1,\beta_2,...,\beta_t) \le R(\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_s)</script>
- 若向量组 B B <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-161">B</script>能由向量组 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-162">A</script>线性表示,且它们的秩相等.则向量组 A A <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-163">A</script>与向量组 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-164">B</script>等价
-
向量空间
-
- 设 V V <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-165">V</script>是
<script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-166">n</script>维向量的集合,如果集合 V V <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-167">V</script>非空,且集合
<script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-168">V</script>对向量的加法及数乘两种运算封闭,则称集合 V V <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-169">V</script>为向量空间
所谓封闭,是指在集合 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-170">V</script>中可以进行加法及数乘两种运算,具体地说就是:对任意 α∈V,β∈V, α ∈ V , β ∈ V , <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-171">\alpha \in V,\beta \in V,</script>有 α+β∈V α + β ∈ V <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-172">\alpha + \beta \in V</script>;对任意 α∈V,λ∈R α ∈ V , λ ∈ R <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-173">\alpha \in V, \lambda \in R</script>,有 λα∈V λ α ∈ V <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-174">\lambda \alpha \in V</script> - 设 α,β α , β <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-175">\alpha,\beta</script>为两个已知的 n n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-176">n</script>维向量,集合
<script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-177">L=\{x=\lambda \alpha + \mu \beta | \lambda, \mu \in R\}</script>是一个向量空间,称其为由向量 α,β α , β <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-178">\alpha,\beta</script>所生成的向量空间
一般地,由向量组 α1,α2,...,αm α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-179">\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_m</script>所生成的向量空间为L={x=λ1α1+λ2α2+...+λmαm|λ1,λ2,...,λm∈R} L = { x = λ 1 α 1 + λ 2 α 2 + . . . + λ m α m | λ 1 , λ 2 , . . . , λ m ∈ R }<script type="math/tex; mode=display" id="MathJax-Element-180">L=\{x=\lambda_1\alpha_1+\lambda_2\alpha_2+...+\lambda_m\alpha_m|\lambda_1,\lambda_2,...,\lambda_m\in R\}</script> - 设有向量空间 V1 V 1 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-181">V_1</script>及 V2 V 2 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-182">V_2</script>,若 V1⊂V2 V 1 ⊂ V 2 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-183">V_1\subset V_2</script>,则称 V1 V 1 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-184">V_1</script>是 V2 V 2 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-185">V_2</script>的子空间
- 设 V V <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-186">V</script>为向量空间,如果
<script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-187">r</script>个向量 α1,α2,...,αr∈V α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α r ∈ V <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-188">\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_r \in V</script>,且满足:
- α1,α2,...,αr α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α r <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-189">\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_r</script>线性无关;
- V V <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-190">V</script>中任一向量
<script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-191">\alpha</script>都可由 α1,α2,...,αr α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α r <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-192">\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_r</script>线性表示.
则称向量组 α1,α2,...,αr α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α r <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-193">\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_r</script>为向量空间 V V <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-194">V</script>的一个基. <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-195">r</script>为向量空间 V V <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-196">V</script>的维数,记为 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-197">\dim V=r</script>,并称 V V <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-198">V</script>为 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-199">r</script>维向量空间(0维向量空间只含一个零向量.任一 n n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-200">n</script>个线性无关的 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-201">n</script>维向量都是向量空间 Rn R n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-202">R^n</script>的一个基,由此可知 Rn R n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-203">R^n</script>的维数为 n n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-204">n</script>.所以,把 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-205">R^n</script>称为 n n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-206">n</script>维向量空间)
特别地,在 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-207">R^n</script>中取基本单位向量组 e1,e2,...,en e 1 , e 2 , . . . , e n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-208">e^1,e^2,...,e^n</script>为基,则以 x1,x2,...,xn x 1 , x 2 , . . . , x n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-209">x_1,x_2,...,x_n</script>为分量的向量 x x <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-210">x</script>可表示为 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-211">x=x_1e_1+x_2e_2+...+x_ne_n</script>.可见,向量 x x <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-212">x</script>在基 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-213">e_1,e_2,...,e_n</script>下的坐标就是该向量的分量,称 e1,e2,...,en e 1 , e 2 , . . . , e n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-214">e_1,e_2,...,e_n</script>为 Rn R n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-215">R^n</script>的自然基
- 设 V V <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-165">V</script>是
<script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-166">n</script>维向量的集合,如果集合 V V <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-167">V</script>非空,且集合
<script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-168">V</script>对向量的加法及数乘两种运算封闭,则称集合 V V <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-169">V</script>为向量空间
线性方程组解的结构
- 设 n n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-216">n</script>元齐次线性方程组
<script type="math/tex; mode=display" id="MathJax-Element-217">\begin{equation} \left\{ \begin{aligned} a_{11}x_1+a_{12}x_2+...+a_{1n}x_n=0, \\ a_{21}x_1+a_{22}x_2+...+a_{2n}x_n=0, \\ ...\\ a_{m1}x_1+a_{m2}x_2+...+a_{mn}x_n=0, \end{aligned} \right. \end{equation} \tag{1}</script>,其矩阵表示形式为Ax=0, A x = 0 ,<script type="math/tex; mode=display" id="MathJax-Element-218">Ax=0,</script>其中 A=(aij)m×n,x=(x1,x2,...,xn)T A = ( a i j ) m × n , x = ( x 1 , x 2 , . . . , x n ) T <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-219">A=(a_{ij})_{m\times n},x=(x_1,x_2,...,x_n)^T</script>.若 x1=ξ11,x2=ξ21,...,xn=ξn1 x 1 = ξ 11 , x 2 = ξ 21 , . . . , x n = ξ n 1 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-220">x_1=\xi_{11},x_2=\xi_{21},...,x_n=\xi_{n1}</script>为方程组(1)的解,则称 x=ξ1=⎛⎝⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜ξ11ξ21...ξn1⎞⎠⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟ x = ξ 1 = ( ξ 11 ξ 21 . . . ξ n 1 ) <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-221">x=\xi_1=\left( \begin{matrix} \xi_{11}\\ \xi_{21}\\.\\.\\.\\\xi_{n1} \end{matrix} \right)</script>为方程组(1)的解向量
- 若 ξ1,ξ2 ξ 1 , ξ 2 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-222">\xi_1,\xi_2</script>都是方程组(1)的解,则 ξ1+ξ2 ξ 1 + ξ 2 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-223">\xi_1+\xi_2</script>也是方程组(1)的解
- 若 ξ1 ξ 1 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-224">\xi_1</script>是方程组(1)的解, k k <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-225">k</script>为实数,则 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-226">k\xi_1</script>也是方程组(1)的解
- 方程组(1)的全体解向量构成的集合 S={x|Ax=0} S = { x | A x = 0 } <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-227">S=\{x|Ax=0\}</script>对向量的线性运算封闭.从而是一向量空间,称其为齐次线性方程组 Ax=0 A x = 0 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-228">Ax=0</script>的解空间
- 设 R(A)=r R ( A ) = r <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-229">R(A)=r</script>,方程组的所有解 x x <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-230">x</script>均可由 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-231">\xi_1,\xi_2,...,\xi_{n-r}</script>线性表示.又因矩阵 (ξ1,ξ2,...,ξn−r) ( ξ 1 , ξ 2 , . . . , ξ n − r ) <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-232">(\xi_1,\xi_2,...,\xi_{n-r})</script>中有 n−r n − r <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-233">n-r</script>阶子式 |En−r|≠0 | E n − r | ≠ 0 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-234">|E_{n-r}|\not=0</script>,故 R(ξ1,ξ2,...,ξn−r)=n−r R ( ξ 1 , ξ 2 , . . . , ξ n − r ) = n − r <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-235">R(\xi_1,\xi_2,...,\xi_{n-r})=n-r</script>,所以 ξ1,ξ2,...,ξn−r ξ 1 , ξ 2 , . . . , ξ n − r <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-236">\xi_1,\xi_2,...,\xi_{n-r}</script>线性无关.根据向量空间基的定义, ξ1,ξ2,...,ξn−r ξ 1 , ξ 2 , . . . , ξ n − r <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-237">\xi_1,\xi_2,...,\xi_{n-r}</script>是方程组(1)解空间的一个基,称其为方程组(1)的基础解系. ξ1,ξ2,...,ξn−r ξ 1 , ξ 2 , . . . , ξ n − r <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-238">\xi_1,\xi_2,...,\xi_{n-r}</script>的线性组合 x=c1ξ1+c2ξ2+...+cn−rξn−r(c1,c2,...,cn−r x = c 1 ξ 1 + c 2 ξ 2 + . . . + c n − r ξ n − r ( c 1 , c 2 , . . . , c n − r <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-239">x=c_1\xi_1+c_2\xi_2+...+c_{n-r}\xi_{n-r}(c_1,c_2,...,c_{n-r}</script>为任意实数)即为方程组(1)的全部解也称为通解
- 若 n n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-240">n</script>元齐次线性方程组(1)的系数矩阵 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-241">A</script>的秩 R(A)=r<n R ( A ) = r < n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-242">R(A)=r
设 n n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-248">n</script>元非齐次线性方程组
<script type="math/tex; mode=display" id="MathJax-Element-249">\begin{equation} \left\{ \begin{aligned} a_{11}x_1+a_{12}x_2+...+a_{1n}x_n=b_1, \\ a_{21}x_1+a_{22}x_2+...+a_{2n}x_n=b_2, \\ ...\\ a_{m1}x_1+a_{m2}x_2+...+a_{mn}x_n=b_m. \end{aligned} \right. \end{equation} \tag{2}</script>其矩阵表示形式Ax=b A x = b<script type="math/tex; mode=display" id="MathJax-Element-250">Ax=b</script>,对应的齐次线性方程组为 Ax=0 A x = 0 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-251">Ax=0</script>
7. 设 η1,η2 η 1 , η 2 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-252">\eta_1,\eta_2</script>都是方程组(2)的解,则 η1−η2 η 1 − η 2 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-253">\eta_1-\eta_2</script>是对应的齐次线性方程组 Ax=b A x = b <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-254">Ax=b</script>的解
8. 设 η∗ η ∗ <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-255">\eta^*</script>是非齐次线性方程组(2)的解, ξ ξ <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-256">\xi</script>是对应的齐次线性方程组 Ax=0 A x = 0 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-257">Ax=0</script>的解,则 ξ+η∗ ξ + η ∗ <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-258">\xi+\eta^*</script>是非齐次线性方程组(2)的解
9. 非齐次线性方程组(2)的通解可表示为:x=c1ξ1+c2ξ2+...+cn−rξn−r+η∗ x = c 1 ξ 1 + c 2 ξ 2 + . . . + c n − r ξ n − r + η ∗<script type="math/tex; mode=display" id="MathJax-Element-259">x=c_1\xi_1+c_2\xi_2+...+c_{n-r}\xi_{n-r}+\eta^*</script>,其中 c1,c2,...,cn−r c 1 , c 2 , . . . , c n − r <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-260">c_1,c_2,...,c_{n-r}</script>为任意实数
更多推荐

所有评论(0)