向量组及其线性组合

  1. n n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-1">n</script>个有次序的数 a 1 , a 2 , . . . , a n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-2">a_1,a_2,...,a_n</script>所组成的一个有序数组 (a1,a2,...,an) ( a 1 , a 2 , . . . , a n ) <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-3">(a_1,a_2,...,a_n)</script>称为一 n n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-4">n</script>维向量,这 n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-5">n</script>个数称为该向量的 n n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-6">n</script>个分量,其中 a i <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-7">a_i</script>称为第 i i <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-8">i</script>个分量. a i ( i = 1 , 2 , . . . , n ) <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-9">a_i(i=1,2,...,n)</script>都为实数的向量称为实向量,分量为复数的向量称为复向量.n维向量可写成一行或一列,分别称为行向量或列向量,即行矩阵或列矩阵.列向量一般用小写黑体字母 α,β,γ α , β , γ <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-10">\alpha,\beta,\gamma</script>等表示,行向量则用 αT,βT,γT α T , β T , γ T <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-11">\alpha^T,\beta^T,\gamma^T</script>等表示.若干个同维数的列向量(行向量)组成的集合称为向量组.
    • 设向量 Aα1,α2,...,αm A : α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-12">A:\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_m</script>,对于任意实数 k1,k2,...,km k 1 , k 2 , . . . , k m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-13">k_1,k_2,...,k_m</script>,表达式 k1α1,k2α2,...,kmαm k 1 α 1 , k 2 α 2 , . . . , k m α m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-14">k_1\alpha_1,k_2\alpha_2,...,k_m\alpha_m</script>称为向量组 A A <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-15">A</script>的一个线性组合. k 1 , k 2 , . . . , k m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-16">k_1,k_2,...,k_m</script>称为这个线性组合的系数
    • 设向量组 Aα1,α2,...,αm A : α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-17">A:\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_m</script>和向量 β β <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-18">\beta</script>,若存在一组数 λ1,λ2,...,λm λ 1 , λ 2 , . . . , λ m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-19">\lambda_1,\lambda_2,...,\lambda_m</script>,使得 β=λ1α1,λ2α2,...λmαm β = λ 1 α 1 , λ 2 α 2 , . . . λ m α m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-20">\beta=\lambda_1\alpha_1,\lambda_2\alpha_2,...\lambda_m\alpha_m</script>,则称向量 β β <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-21">\beta</script>可由向量组 A A <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-22">A</script>线性表示
      (向量 β <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-23">\beta</script>能由向量组 A A <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-24">A</script>线性表示,也就是线性方程组 x 1 α 1 + x 2 α 2 + . . . + x m α m = β <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-25">x_1\alpha_1+x_2\alpha_2+...+x_m\alpha_m=\beta</script>有解)
      • 向量 β β <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-26">\beta</script>能由向量组 α1,α2,...,αm α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-27">\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_m</script>线性表示的充分必要条件是矩阵 A=(α1,α2,...,αm) A = ( α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α m ) <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-28">A=(\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_m)</script>的秩等于矩阵 B=(α1,α2,...,αm,β) B = ( α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α m , β ) <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-29">B=(\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_m,\beta)</script>的秩.
      • 设向量组 Aα1,α2,...,αs A : α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α s <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-30">A:\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_s</script>及向量组 Bβ1,β2,...,βt B : β 1 , β 2 , . . . , β t <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-31">B:\beta_1,\beta_2,...,\beta_t</script>,若向量组 B B <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-32">B</script>中的每个向量都能由向量组 A <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-33">A</script>线性表示,则称向量组B能由向量组A线性表示.若向量组 A,B A , B <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-34">A,B</script>可互相线性表示,则称这两个向量组等价
      • 向量组的等价性具有下列性质:
        1. 反身性:任一向量组 Aα1α2...αm A : α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-35">A:\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_m</script>与其自身等价;
        2. 对称性:如果向量组 Aα1α2...αs A : α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α s <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-36">A:\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_s</script>与向量组 Bβ1β2...βt B : β 1 , β 2 , . . . , β t <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-37">B:\beta_1,\beta_2,...,\beta_t</script>等价,则向量组 B B <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-38">B</script>与向量组 A <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-39">A</script>等价;
        3. 传递性:如果向量组 Aα1α2...αs A : α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α s <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-40">A:\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_s</script>与向量组 Bβ1β2...βt B : β 1 , β 2 , . . . , β t <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-41">B:\beta_1,\beta_2,...,\beta_t</script>等价,且向量组 Bβ1β2...βt B : β 1 , β 2 , . . . , β t <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-42">B:\beta_1,\beta_2,...,\beta_t</script>与向量组 Cγ1,γ2,...,γm C : γ 1 , γ 2 , . . . , γ m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-43">C:\gamma_1,\gamma_2,...,\gamma_m</script>等价,则向量组 A A <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-44">A</script>与向量组 C <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-45">C</script>等价.
      • 向量组 Bβ1β2...βt B : β 1 , β 2 , . . . , β t <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-46">B:\beta_1,\beta_2,...,\beta_t</script>能由向量组 Aα1α2...αs A : α 1 , α 2 . . . , α s <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-47">A:\alpha_1,\alpha_2...,\alpha_s</script>线性表示的充分必要条件是矩阵 A=(α1α2...αs) A = ( α 1 , α 2 . . . , α s ) <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-48">A=(\alpha_1,\alpha_2...,\alpha_s)</script>的秩等于矩阵 (A,B)=(α1α2...αsβ1β2...βt) ( A , B ) = ( α 1 , α 2 . . . , α s , β 1 , β 2 , . . . , β t ) <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-49">(A,B)=(\alpha_1,\alpha_2...,\alpha_s,\beta_1,\beta_2,...,\beta_t)</script>的秩,即 R(A)=R(A,B) R ( A ) = R ( A , B ) <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-50">R(A)=R(A,B)</script>
      • 向量组 A(α1α2...αs) A : ( α 1 , α 2 . . . , α s ) <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-51">A:(\alpha_1,\alpha_2...,\alpha_s)</script>与向量组 Bβ1β2...βt B : β 1 , β 2 , . . . , β t <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-52">B:\beta_1,\beta_2,...,\beta_t</script>等价的充分必要条件是 R(A)=R(B)=R(A,B) R ( A ) = R ( B ) = R ( A , B ) <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-53">R(A)=R(B)=R(A,B)</script>,其中 (A,B) ( A , B ) <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-54">(A,B)</script>是由向量组 A A <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-55">A</script>和 B <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-56">B</script>所构成的矩阵
      • 设向量组 Bβ1,β2,...,βt B : β 1 , β 2 , . . . , β t <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-57">B:\beta_1,\beta_2,...,\beta_t</script>能由向量组 Aα1α2...αs A : α 1 , α 2 . . . , α s <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-58">A:\alpha_1,\alpha_2...,\alpha_s</script>线性表示,则 R(B)R(A) R ( B ) ≤ R ( A ) <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-59">R(B)\le R(A)</script>
      • 向量组 Bβ1,β2,...,βt B : β 1 , β 2 , . . . , β t <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-60">B:\beta_1,\beta_2,...,\beta_t</script>能由向量组 Aα1α2...αs A : α 1 , α 2 . . . , α s <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-61">A:\alpha_1,\alpha_2...,\alpha_s</script>线性表示:
        K使B=AK ⟺ 存 在 矩 阵 K , 使 B = A K
        <script type="math/tex; mode=display" id="MathJax-Element-62">\Longleftrightarrow 存在矩阵K,使B=AK</script>
        AX=B ⟺ 矩 阵 方 程 A X = B 有 解
        <script type="math/tex; mode=display" id="MathJax-Element-63">\Longleftrightarrow 矩阵方程AX=B有解</script>
      • n n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-64">n</script>维列向量组 A α 1 α 2 . . . α m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-65">A:\alpha_1,\alpha_2...,\alpha_m</script>构成 n×m n × m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-66">n\times m</script>矩阵 A=(α1α2...αm) A = ( α 1 , α 2 . . . , α m ) <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-67">A=(\alpha_1,\alpha_2...,\alpha_m)</script>, n n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-68">n</script>阶单位阵 E = ( e 1 , e 2 , . . . , e n ) <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-69">E=(e_1,e_2,...,e_n)</script>的列向量称为 n n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-70">n</script>维基本单位向量. n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-71">n</script>维基本单位向量组 e1,e2,...,en e 1 , e 2 , . . . , e n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-72">e_1,e_2,...,e_n</script>能由向量组 A A <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-73">A</script>线性表示的充分必要条件是 R ( A ) = n . <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-74">R(A)=n.</script>

向量组的线性相关性

  1. 设向量组 Aα1α2...αm A : α 1 , α 2 . . . , α m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-75">A:\alpha_1,\alpha_2...,\alpha_m</script>,如果存在不全为零的数 k1,k2,...km k 1 , k 2 , . . . k m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-76">k_1,k_2,...k_m</script>,使得
    k1α1+k2α2+...+kmαm=0 k 1 α 1 + k 2 α 2 + . . . + k m α m = 0
    <script type="math/tex; mode=display" id="MathJax-Element-77">k_1\alpha_1+k_2\alpha_2+...+k_m\alpha_m=0</script>成立,则称向量组 A A <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-78">A</script>线性相关,否则称向量组 A <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-79">A</script>线性无关.
    特别地, m=1 m = 1 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-80">m=1</script>时, α(0) α ( ≠ 0 ) <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-81">\alpha(\not= 0)</script>是线性相关的.对于含两个向量 α1,α2 α 1 , α 2 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-82">\alpha_1,\alpha_2</script>的向量组线性相关的充分必要条件是 α1α2 α 1 , α 2 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-83">\alpha_1,\alpha_2</script>的分量对应成比例,其几何意义是两向量共线.三个向量线性相关的几何意义是三个向量共面
    向量组 α1α2...αm(m2) α 1 , α 2 . . . , α m ( m ≥ 2 ) <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-84">\alpha_1,\alpha_2...,\alpha_m(m\ge 2)</script>线性相关,也就是在向量组中至少有一个向量可由其余 m1 m − 1 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-85">m-1</script>个向量线性表示
  2. 向量组 α1α2...αm α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-86">\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_m</script>线性相关的充分必要条件是它所构成的矩阵 A=(α1,α2,...,αm) A = ( α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α m ) <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-87">A=(\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_m)</script>的秩小于向量个数 m m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-88">m</script>;向量组 α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-89">\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_m</script>线性无关的充分必要条件是它所构成的矩阵 A=(α1,α2,...,αm) A = ( α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α m ) <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-90">A=(\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_m)</script>的秩等于向量个数 m m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-91">m</script>.
  3. 若向量组 α 1 α 2 . . . α m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-92">\alpha_1,\alpha_2...,\alpha_m</script>线性相关,则向量组 α1α2...αmαm+1 α 1 , α 2 . . . , α m , α m + 1 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-93">\alpha_1,\alpha_2...,\alpha_m,\alpha_{m+1}</script>也线性相关;反之,若 α1α2...αm+1 α 1 , α 2 . . . , α m + 1 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-94">\alpha_1,\alpha_2...,\alpha_{m+1}</script>线性无关,则向量组 α1α2...αm α 1 , α 2 . . . , α m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-95">\alpha_1,\alpha_2...,\alpha_m</script>也线性无关
  4. m m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-96">m</script>个 n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-97">n</script>维向量组成的向量组,当维数 n n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-98">n</script>小于向量个数 m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-99">m</script>时一定线性相关.特别地, n+1 n + 1 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-100">n+1</script>个 n n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-101">n</script>维向量一定线性相关
  5. 设向量组 A α 1 α 2 . . . α m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-102">A:\alpha_1,\alpha_2...,\alpha_m</script>线性相关,而向量组 Bα1α2...αmβ B : α 1 , α 2 . . . , α m , β <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-103">B:\alpha_1,\alpha_2...,\alpha_m,\beta</script>线性相关,则向量 β β <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-104">\beta</script>能由向量组 A A <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-105">A</script>线性表示,且表达式是唯一的
  6. 设向量组 B β 1 β 2 . . . β t <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-106">B:\beta_1,\beta_2,...,\beta_t</script>可由向量组 Aα1α2...αs A : α 1 , α 2 . . . , α s <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-107">A:\alpha_1,\alpha_2...,\alpha_s</script>线性表示,且 s<t s < t <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-108">s
  7. 设向量组 Bβ1β2...βt B : β 1 , β 2 , . . . , β t <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-110">B:\beta_1,\beta_2,...,\beta_t</script>可由向量组 Aα1α2...αs A : α 1 , α 2 . . . , α s <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-111">A:\alpha_1,\alpha_2...,\alpha_s</script>线性表示,若向量组 Bβ1β2...βt B : β 1 , β 2 , . . . , β t <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-112">B:\beta_1,\beta_2,...,\beta_t</script>线性无关,则 st s ≥ t <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-113">s\ge t</script>.
  8. 设向量组 Aα1α2...αs A : α 1 , α 2 . . . , α s <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-114">A:\alpha_1,\alpha_2...,\alpha_s</script>与 Bβ1β2...βt B : β 1 , β 2 , . . . , β t <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-115">B:\beta_1,\beta_2,...,\beta_t</script>等价,若向量组 A A <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-116">A</script>和 B <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-117">B</script>都是线性无关,则 s=t s = t <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-118">s=t</script>

向量组的秩

  1. 设向量组 A0α1α2...αr A 0 : α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α r <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-119">A_0:\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_r</script>是向量组 A A <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-120">A</script>的一个部分向量组,如果满足:
    1. 向量组 A 0 α 1 α 2 . . . α r <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-121">A_0:\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_r</script>线性无关;
    2. 向量组 A A <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-122">A</script>中任意 r + 1 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-123">r+1</script>个向量(如果存在的话)都线性相关,则称向量组 A0 A 0 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-124">A_0</script>是向量组 A A <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-125">A</script>的一个极大线性无关向量组(简称极大无关组).极大无关组所含向量个数 r <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-126">r</script>称为向量组 A A <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-127">A</script>的,记作 R A <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-128">R_A</script>或 R(A) R ( A ) <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-129">R(A)</script>
    • 由于一个非零向量本身线性无关,故包含非零向量的向量组一定存在极大无关组;而仅含零向量的向量组不存在极大无关组,规定它的秩为0.特别地,如果一个向量组线性无关,则其极大无关组就是该向量组本身.
    • 向量组 Aα1α2...αm A : α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-130">A:\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_m</script>线性无关的充分必要条件是向量组 Aα1α2...αm A : α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-131">A:\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_m</script>的秩等于 m m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-132">m</script>;
    • 向量组 A α 1 α 2 . . . α m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-133">A:\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_m</script>线性相关的充分必要条件是向量组 Aα1α2...αm A : α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-134">A:\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_m</script>的秩小于 m m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-135">m</script>.
    • 设矩阵 A <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-136">A</script>的秩为 r r <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-137">r</script>,即 R ( A ) = r <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-138">R(A)=r</script>.由矩阵的秩的定义,在矩阵 A A <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-139">A</script>中至少存在一 r <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-140">r</script>阶子式不等于零,而且所有的 r+1 r + 1 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-141">r+1</script>阶子式(如果存在)全为零.矩阵 A A <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-142">A</script>中包含这个 r <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-143">r</script>阶非零子式的列(行)向量组线性无关,且任意 r+1 r + 1 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-144">r+1</script>个列(行)向量所构成的向量组线性相关.因此,矩阵 A A <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-145">A</script>中包含这个 r <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-146">r</script>阶非零子式的列(行)向量组就是矩阵 A A <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-147">A</script>的列(行)向量组的一个极大无关组.
    • 矩阵的秩等于它的列向量组的秩,也等于它的行向量组的秩
    • 极大无关组的等价定义:设向量组 A 0 α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α r <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-148">A_0:\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_r</script>是向量组 A A <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-149">A</script>的一个部分向量组,且满足:
      1. 向量组 A 0 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-150">A_0</script>线性无关;
      2. 向量组 A A <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-151">A</script>中任一向量都能由向量组 A 0 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-152">A_0</script>线性表示.
        则向量组 A0 A 0 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-153">A_0</script>是向量组 A A <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-154">A</script>的一个极大无关组
    • 若向量组 B β 1 β 2 . . . β t <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-155">B:\beta_1,\beta_2,...,\beta_t</script>可由向量组 Aα1α2...αs A : α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α s <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-156">A:\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_s</script>线性表示的充分条件是 R(α1α2...αs)=R(α1α2...αs,β1β2...βt) R ( α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α s ) = R ( α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α s , β 1 , β 2 , . . . , β t ) <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-157">R(\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_s)=R(\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_s,\beta_1,\beta_2,...,\beta_t)</script>
    • 若向量组 Bβ1β2...βt B : β 1 , β 2 , . . . , β t <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-158">B:\beta_1,\beta_2,...,\beta_t</script>能由向量组 Aα1α2...αs A : α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α s <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-159">A:\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_s</script>线性表示,则 R(β1β2...βt)R(α1α2...αs) R ( β 1 , β 2 , . . . , β t ) ≤ R ( α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α s ) <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-160">R(\beta_1,\beta_2,...,\beta_t) \le R(\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_s)</script>
    • 若向量组 B B <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-161">B</script>能由向量组 A <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-162">A</script>线性表示,且它们的秩相等.则向量组 A A <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-163">A</script>与向量组 B <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-164">B</script>等价
    • 向量空间

      • V V <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-165">V</script>是 n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-166">n</script>维向量的集合,如果集合 V V <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-167">V</script>非空,且集合 V <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-168">V</script>对向量的加法及数乘两种运算封闭,则称集合 V V <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-169">V</script>为向量空间
        所谓封闭,是指在集合 V <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-170">V</script>中可以进行加法及数乘两种运算,具体地说就是:对任意 αVβV α ∈ V , β ∈ V , <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-171">\alpha \in V,\beta \in V,</script>有 α+βV α + β ∈ V <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-172">\alpha + \beta \in V</script>;对任意 αV,λR α ∈ V , λ ∈ R <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-173">\alpha \in V, \lambda \in R</script>,有 λαV λ α ∈ V <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-174">\lambda \alpha \in V</script>
      • αβ α , β <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-175">\alpha,\beta</script>为两个已知的 n n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-176">n</script>维向量,集合 L = { x = λ α + μ β | λ , μ R } <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-177">L=\{x=\lambda \alpha + \mu \beta | \lambda, \mu \in R\}</script>是一个向量空间,称其为由向量 α,β α , β <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-178">\alpha,\beta</script>所生成的向量空间
        一般地,由向量组 α1,α2,...,αm α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α m <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-179">\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_m</script>所生成的向量空间为
        L={x=λ1α1+λ2α2+...+λmαm|λ1,λ2,...,λmR} L = { x = λ 1 α 1 + λ 2 α 2 + . . . + λ m α m | λ 1 , λ 2 , . . . , λ m ∈ R }
        <script type="math/tex; mode=display" id="MathJax-Element-180">L=\{x=\lambda_1\alpha_1+\lambda_2\alpha_2+...+\lambda_m\alpha_m|\lambda_1,\lambda_2,...,\lambda_m\in R\}</script>
      • 设有向量空间 V1 V 1 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-181">V_1</script>及 V2 V 2 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-182">V_2</script>,若 V1V2 V 1 ⊂ V 2 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-183">V_1\subset V_2</script>,则称 V1 V 1 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-184">V_1</script>是 V2 V 2 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-185">V_2</script>的子空间
      • V V <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-186">V</script>为向量空间,如果 r <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-187">r</script>个向量 α1,α2,...,αrV α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α r ∈ V <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-188">\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_r \in V</script>,且满足:
        1. α1,α2,...,αr α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α r <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-189">\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_r</script>线性无关;
        2. V V <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-190">V</script>中任一向量 α <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-191">\alpha</script>都可由 α1,α2,...,αr α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α r <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-192">\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_r</script>线性表示.
          则称向量组 α1,α2,...,αr α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α r <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-193">\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...,\alpha_r</script>为向量空间 V V <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-194">V</script>的一个基. r <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-195">r</script>为向量空间 V V <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-196">V</script>的维数,记为 dim V = r <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-197">\dim V=r</script>,并称 V V <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-198">V</script>为 r <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-199">r</script>维向量空间(0维向量空间只含一个零向量.任一 n n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-200">n</script>个线性无关的 n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-201">n</script>维向量都是向量空间 Rn R n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-202">R^n</script>的一个基,由此可知 Rn R n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-203">R^n</script>的维数为 n n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-204">n</script>.所以,把 R n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-205">R^n</script>称为 n n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-206">n</script>维向量空间)
          特别地,在 R n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-207">R^n</script>中取基本单位向量组 e1,e2,...,en e 1 , e 2 , . . . , e n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-208">e^1,e^2,...,e^n</script>为基,则以 x1,x2,...,xn x 1 , x 2 , . . . , x n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-209">x_1,x_2,...,x_n</script>为分量的向量 x x <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-210">x</script>可表示为 x = x 1 e 1 + x 2 e 2 + . . . + x n e n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-211">x=x_1e_1+x_2e_2+...+x_ne_n</script>.可见,向量 x x <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-212">x</script>在基 e 1 , e 2 , . . . , e n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-213">e_1,e_2,...,e_n</script>下的坐标就是该向量的分量,称 e1,e2,...,en e 1 , e 2 , . . . , e n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-214">e_1,e_2,...,e_n</script>为 Rn R n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-215">R^n</script>的自然基

    线性方程组解的结构

    1. n n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-216">n</script>元齐次线性方程组
      (1) { a 11 x 1 + a 12 x 2 + . . . + a 1 n x n = 0 a 21 x 1 + a 22 x 2 + . . . + a 2 n x n = 0 . . . a m 1 x 1 + a m 2 x 2 + . . . + a m n x n = 0
      <script type="math/tex; mode=display" id="MathJax-Element-217">\begin{equation} \left\{ \begin{aligned} a_{11}x_1+a_{12}x_2+...+a_{1n}x_n=0, \\ a_{21}x_1+a_{22}x_2+...+a_{2n}x_n=0, \\ ...\\ a_{m1}x_1+a_{m2}x_2+...+a_{mn}x_n=0, \end{aligned} \right. \end{equation} \tag{1}</script>,其矩阵表示形式为
      Ax=0 A x = 0 ,
      <script type="math/tex; mode=display" id="MathJax-Element-218">Ax=0,</script>其中 A=(aij)m×nx=(x1,x2,...,xn)T A = ( a i j ) m × n , x = ( x 1 , x 2 , . . . , x n ) T <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-219">A=(a_{ij})_{m\times n},x=(x_1,x_2,...,x_n)^T</script>.若 x1=ξ11,x2=ξ21,...,xn=ξn1 x 1 = ξ 11 , x 2 = ξ 21 , . . . , x n = ξ n 1 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-220">x_1=\xi_{11},x_2=\xi_{21},...,x_n=\xi_{n1}</script>为方程组(1)的解,则称 x=ξ1=ξ11ξ21...ξn1 x = ξ 1 = ( ξ 11 ξ 21 . . . ξ n 1 ) <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-221">x=\xi_1=\left( \begin{matrix} \xi_{11}\\ \xi_{21}\\.\\.\\.\\\xi_{n1} \end{matrix} \right)</script>为方程组(1)的解向量
    2. ξ1,ξ2 ξ 1 , ξ 2 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-222">\xi_1,\xi_2</script>都是方程组(1)的解,则 ξ1+ξ2 ξ 1 + ξ 2 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-223">\xi_1+\xi_2</script>也是方程组(1)的解
    3. ξ1 ξ 1 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-224">\xi_1</script>是方程组(1)的解, k k <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-225">k</script>为实数,则 k ξ 1 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-226">k\xi_1</script>也是方程组(1)的解
    4. 方程组(1)的全体解向量构成的集合 S={x|Ax=0} S = { x | A x = 0 } <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-227">S=\{x|Ax=0\}</script>对向量的线性运算封闭.从而是一向量空间,称其为齐次线性方程组 Ax=0 A x = 0 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-228">Ax=0</script>的解空间
    5. R(A)=r R ( A ) = r <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-229">R(A)=r</script>,方程组的所有解 x x <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-230">x</script>均可由 ξ 1 , ξ 2 , . . . , ξ n r <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-231">\xi_1,\xi_2,...,\xi_{n-r}</script>线性表示.又因矩阵 (ξ1,ξ2,...,ξnr) ( ξ 1 , ξ 2 , . . . , ξ n − r ) <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-232">(\xi_1,\xi_2,...,\xi_{n-r})</script>中有 nr n − r <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-233">n-r</script>阶子式 |Enr|0 | E n − r | ≠ 0 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-234">|E_{n-r}|\not=0</script>,故 R(ξ1,ξ2,...,ξnr)=nr R ( ξ 1 , ξ 2 , . . . , ξ n − r ) = n − r <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-235">R(\xi_1,\xi_2,...,\xi_{n-r})=n-r</script>,所以 ξ1,ξ2,...,ξnr ξ 1 , ξ 2 , . . . , ξ n − r <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-236">\xi_1,\xi_2,...,\xi_{n-r}</script>线性无关.根据向量空间基的定义, ξ1,ξ2,...,ξnr ξ 1 , ξ 2 , . . . , ξ n − r <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-237">\xi_1,\xi_2,...,\xi_{n-r}</script>是方程组(1)解空间的一个基,称其为方程组(1)的基础解系. ξ1,ξ2,...,ξnr ξ 1 , ξ 2 , . . . , ξ n − r <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-238">\xi_1,\xi_2,...,\xi_{n-r}</script>的线性组合 x=c1ξ1+c2ξ2+...+cnrξnr(c1,c2,...,cnr x = c 1 ξ 1 + c 2 ξ 2 + . . . + c n − r ξ n − r ( c 1 , c 2 , . . . , c n − r <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-239">x=c_1\xi_1+c_2\xi_2+...+c_{n-r}\xi_{n-r}(c_1,c_2,...,c_{n-r}</script>为任意实数)即为方程组(1)的全部解也称为通解
    6. n n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-240">n</script>元齐次线性方程组(1)的系数矩阵 A <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-241">A</script>的秩 R(A)=r<n R ( A ) = r < n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-242">R(A)=r

    n n <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-248">n</script>元非齐次线性方程组

    (2) { a 11 x 1 + a 12 x 2 + . . . + a 1 n x n = b 1 a 21 x 1 + a 22 x 2 + . . . + a 2 n x n = b 2 . . . a m 1 x 1 + a m 2 x 2 + . . . + a m n x n = b m .
    <script type="math/tex; mode=display" id="MathJax-Element-249">\begin{equation} \left\{ \begin{aligned} a_{11}x_1+a_{12}x_2+...+a_{1n}x_n=b_1, \\ a_{21}x_1+a_{22}x_2+...+a_{2n}x_n=b_2, \\ ...\\ a_{m1}x_1+a_{m2}x_2+...+a_{mn}x_n=b_m. \end{aligned} \right. \end{equation} \tag{2}</script>其矩阵表示形式

    Ax=b A x = b
    <script type="math/tex; mode=display" id="MathJax-Element-250">Ax=b</script>,对应的齐次线性方程组为 Ax=0 A x = 0 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-251">Ax=0</script>
    7. 设 η1η2 η 1 , η 2 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-252">\eta_1,\eta_2</script>都是方程组(2)的解,则 η1η2 η 1 − η 2 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-253">\eta_1-\eta_2</script>是对应的齐次线性方程组 Ax=b A x = b <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-254">Ax=b</script>的解
    8. 设 η η ∗ <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-255">\eta^*</script>是非齐次线性方程组(2)的解, ξ ξ <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-256">\xi</script>是对应的齐次线性方程组 Ax=0 A x = 0 <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-257">Ax=0</script>的解,则 ξ+η ξ + η ∗ <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-258">\xi+\eta^*</script>是非齐次线性方程组(2)的解
    9. 非齐次线性方程组(2)的通解可表示为:
    x=c1ξ1+c2ξ2+...+cnrξnr+η x = c 1 ξ 1 + c 2 ξ 2 + . . . + c n − r ξ n − r + η ∗
    <script type="math/tex; mode=display" id="MathJax-Element-259">x=c_1\xi_1+c_2\xi_2+...+c_{n-r}\xi_{n-r}+\eta^*</script>,其中 c1,c2,...,cnr c 1 , c 2 , . . . , c n − r <script type="math/tex" id="MathJax-Element-260">c_1,c_2,...,c_{n-r}</script>为任意实数

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